What are anthocyanins

First, let's look at what anthocyanins are. Anthocyanins are a kind of natural plant pigments, which mainly exist in the cortex, epidermis and outer tissue of flowers, fruits, vegetables and other plants. They not only give the plant rich color, but also have high nutritional value and physiological activity.

The role of anthocyanins

The physiological role of anthocyanins in the human body is also very important. Studies have shown that anthocyanins have anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, blood lipid and other effects. Especially anthocyanin, it not only has a strong antioxidant effect, but also can inhibit the growth of cancer cells, is a very potential anticancer substance.

According to the color and chemical structure, anthocyanins can be divided into different types, such as glycoside anthocyanins, non-glycoside anthocyanins and so on. Scientists have proved that anthocyanin is a powerful free radical scavenger, its anti-free radical oxidation capacity is 20 times that of vitamin C, 50 times that of vitamin E, especially its activity in the body, is unmatched by other antioxidants.

Difference of anthocyanins in roselle and bilberry

Different composition

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. is a small shrub of the genus Vaccinium in the rhododendron family. Vaccinium likes warm cool climates and is resistant to cold. It often occurs in coniferous forests in the subcold zone. Lingonberry leaves, fruit into medicine, sweet taste, sex flat. It has the function of reducing inflammation and reducing water, and can treat urethritis and cystitis. Lingonberry color bright red, taste sweet and sour delicious, can be eaten fresh, can also make jam and other food, used for wine. Lingonberry leaves have anti-rheinization effect, can be used for gonorrhea, nephritis, cystitis, as well as anti-aging health care effect, seeds contain oil, can produce drying oil, leaves contain tannin can extract tannin, can be used as raw materials for baking glue.
The anthocyanins in bilberry mainly include anthinin-2-glucoside, anthinin-3-xyloside, anthinin-3-hemi-glucoside, anthinin-2-rhamnoside, delphin 3-rhamnoside, delphin 5-glucoside, 3-O-acylproflorin, malvacin-3, 5-diglycoside and 3, 3-di-acylproflorin.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is an annual herb of the genus Hibiscus in the mallow family. It is native to Africa and enjoys hot and humid, drought-tolerant and acid-tolerant soil. Roselle has the reputation of "plant ruby". With its roots, fruits, seeds into medicine, has the effect of clearing heat and relieving summer heat, nourishing the skin, eliminating spots, eliminating alcohol, cardiovascular, arteriosclerosis, hypertension and other diseases are effective.
Anthocyanins in Roselle have long attracted the attention of scientists from all over the world, and studies have shown that they mainly exist in the form of cyanidin and delphinidin. The main ingredient is delphinidirr 3 sambubioside (Dp3) sam), cyanidin3-sambubioside (Cy-3-sam), delphinin 3 glucoside, cyanidin3 glucoside and so on.

Composition and content are not required

Anthocyanins are one of the most important active components of bilberry. Anthocyanins in bilberry are mainly anthocyanins, and mainly exist in the form of anthocyanins and anthocyanidase. Anthocyanins are compounds that combine sugars with anthocyanins, and anthocyanidase is an enzyme that can hydrolyze anthocyanins.
The composition and content of anthocyanins in bilberry can be affected by many factors, such as variety, growing environment and picking time. Different varieties of bilberry may contain different kinds and contents of anthocyanins. At the same time, the climate and soil conditions of the growing environment will also affect the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins, such as bilberries in areas with sufficient sunshine and suitable temperature are often more rich in anthocyanins. In addition, the picking time is also an important factor affecting the anthocyanin content of bilberry, which is usually higher when the fruit is picked at the ripening stage.

Anthocyanins are also one of the important active ingredients of roselle. The results showed that the total anthocyanin content of roselle calyx was 1.0% ~ 1.5%, including delphinin-3-O-sambuloside, centaurin-3-O-glucoside, delphinin-3-o-glucoside and centaurin-3-o-sambuloside, and the last two were the main coloring components. Delphinidin-3-o-sanbuloside is the main component of anthocyanins in roselle, accounting for 85% of the total anthocyanins. It can significantly inhibit H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species generation, GSH consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) reduction and mitochondrial membrane peroxidation in HepG2 cells, thus alleviating H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The degree of deacylation and stability of delphinidin and centaurea in roselle calyx were higher.
Rose eggplant extract is divided into proportional extract, standard extract, of which the standard extract takes anthocyanin content as the standard, its content ranges from 1% to 20%, standard extract is mainly used for food coloring, proportional extract is used in food, health food. Proper drinking of Rosebud tea every day is good for the body, but can not drink too much at a time, drinking 200-300ml at a time, in addition, patients with gastric ulcer should be careful to eat, because rosebud contains a variety of organic acid components, drinking rosebud water will increase the secretion of stomach acid, may aggravate gastric ulcer.

Different function

Roselle rich in anthocyanins, can be used to brew tea and make drinks, its sour taste, can also extract roselle pigment, used as a food additive in the food industry.
Anthocyanin in bilberry is an important element for maintaining eye health and preventing vision impairment. Its function is to protect the microvessels of the eye and promote blood circulation. It also speeds up the regeneration of rhodopsin, which is essential for good vision; It is the most basic material for the eyes to produce vision, which can strengthen the sensitivity to dark and weak light.

The extraction process is different

The extraction methods of anthocyanins mainly include enzyme extraction, water extraction, ethanol extraction and microwave assisted extraction.
Enzyme extraction method is a method that uses cellulase, pectinase, protease and other biological enzymes to destroy plant cell wall and promote the dissolution and separation of plant active components to the maximum extent. Water extraction method refers to the use of water as a solvent to extract polyphenols, anthocyanins and other effective components of the method. Ethanol, which is non-toxic and inexpensive, is often used as an organic solvent to extract plant anthocyanins. The results showed that there were significant differences in the extraction effect of anthocyanins in different extraction solvents (P<0.05), and the effect of ethanol extraction was better than that of water extraction. Microwave assisted method refers to the technology of extracting various chemical components from samples by using appropriate solvents in microwave reactors and using the action of electromagnetic fields.

In comparison, ethanol extraction method is more feasible in industrial production at present. Due to the relatively high concentration of ethanol can effectively remove water-soluble impurities, thus improving the pigment yield, but the solvent amount of this method is large, the subsequent treatment cost is high, and there are solvent residue problems.
The extraction process of anthocyanins from bilberry is an important research field, because different extraction methods can affect the quality and yield of anthocyanins, and thus affect its application prospects. At present, many extraction methods can be used to extract anthocyanins from bilberry, including traditional methods such as solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, ultrasonic extraction and modern techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction.
However, different extraction methods have their own characteristics and shortcomings. Solvent extraction is a commonly used method, but in the process of using organic solvents, organic solvents may cause harm to the environment and human body. Ultrasonic extraction is an efficient method, but it requires high equipment costs and high process requirements. The extraction efficiency of reverse osmosis is low, and microwave-assisted extraction has not been applied on a large scale. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the extraction process to make the extraction rate of blueberry anthocyanins higher, better quality, and more economic feasibility.
Optimization of extraction process is the key to extract anthocyanins from bilberry. In fact, optimization of extraction process is a complex problem, which needs to consider many factors at the same time, such as extraction time, extraction temperature, extraction solvent, solid-liquid ratio, stirring speed, etc. Some studies have shown that higher extraction rates and better anthocyanin quality can be obtained by using reverse osmosis membranes and water as solvents.
In addition, some auxiliary technologies can also be applied to the extraction of anthocyanins, such as ultrasonic wave, microwave heating and supercritical fluid. Among them, supercritical fluid extraction is the most advanced technology for anthocyanin extraction of bilberry. Its operating conditions can be adjusted by changing the pressure and temperature, and its original characteristics can be maintained while ensuring the extraction efficiency of bilberry anthocyanin.

Sum up

Anthocyanins are a kind of natural plant pigments, which also have high nutritional value and physiological activity. The differences of anthocyanins in Roselle and bilberry are mainly reflected in the composition, composition, content, function and extraction technology.