Olive is an olive plant in the olive family, also known as green fruit,  green olive, white olive,  etc., native to southern China, it has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years. Olive sweet acid, sex flat, has the effect of clearing heat and detoxification, promoting throat, and is suitable for treating sore throat, and cough. In recent years, olives have been found to have a strong antibacterial effect. The research on olives in recent years is summarized as follows.

1 Chemical composition of olives

Olive fruit is rich in protein, fat, vitamin C, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, carotene, retinol, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin and other nutrients and Ca, B, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Al and other trace elements. Research data at home and abroad show that olive fruits also contain artemisia lactone, scopolide, (E) 3,3 dihydroxyl 4,4 dimethoxystilbene, gallic acid, regallic acid, hematoxylphenol, hypericin and some triterpenoids, volatile oils, flavonoids.

2 Pharmacological effects of olives

2.1 Anti-drunkenness, hangover, liver protection 

Acute liver injury in rats and mice was induced by white wine intragastric administration. 0.15h later, olive was injected into the stomach to record the drunkenness rate. Serum ALT was detected on day 3, and serum and liver homogenate ALT and AST were detected on day 5, and compared with Hugan capsule. Results Olivine decoction could significantly reduce the drunkenness rate of rats with acute alcoholic liver injury, increase the ratio of wakefulness to drunkenness, significantly reduce the levels of serum ALT, AST and ALT in liver tissue, improve the pathological state of liver tissue, and promote the recovery of liver cell injury. It is suggested that olive has good anti-drunkenness, anti-drunkenness and liver protection. The model was made by intragastric administration of white wine. After 5 days of administration, the liver tissue was stained by routine HE and observed by light microscope. The results showed that the liver lobular structure was clear, the hepatic sinuses were basically restored to normal, the hepatocyte cords were neatly arranged, the hepatocyte turbidities were obviously restored, the inflammatory cell infiltration and spot necrosis were significantly reduced, and only scattered small fat drops were found in the hepatocytes, and obvious hepatocyte regeneration was observed. It is suggested that olive can obviously reduce the liver tissue pathological injury caused by liquor and promote the recovery of liver cells.

2.2 Protect gastrointestinal mucosa

The model was made by intragastric administration of white wine for 5 days. The pathological section of gastrointestinal tissue was made, observed under light microscope and compared with Hugan capsule. Results In the model group, gastrointestinal mucosa was hyperemia and mucosal epithelial cells fell off under light microscope. Gastrointestinal mucosal congestion was not obvious and glandular epithelium was slightly exfoliated in the large dose group. All layers of gastrointestinal mucosa in the medium and small dose groups had basically recovered to normal. In the control group, glandular epithelial cells were slightly exfoliated. It is suggested that olive antialcoholic drink has a good protective effect on gastrointestinal mucosa.

2.3 Relieving pharynx and relieving cough

Clinical observation on the effect of Qingolivu Liyan buccal tablet on the syndrome of deficiency fire and inflammation of traditional Chinese medicine shows that the drug has the effects of nourishing Yin and clearing heat, clearing pharynx and detoxifying, and is suitable for the treatment of chronic pharyngitis. No adverse reactions were observed in clinic, and safety observation showed that it was safe to use. Zhisouqingguo pill can significantly inhibit the cough induced by concentrated ammonia water in mice, has a significant expectorant effect, and can counter the asthma reaction of guinea pigs caused by acetylcholine and histamine, and can significantly relieve the symptoms of expectoration and wheezing of common respiratory diseases.

2.4 Anti-inflammatory and analgesic

The anti-inflammatory tests were performed by xylene ear swelling in mice, carrageenan foot swelling in rats and cotton ball granuloma. The analgesic experiments were performed by hot plate method and twisting body method. To observe the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Qingolivu Liyan buccal tablet. Results Qingolivu Liyan Buccal Tablet 2.5, 5.0g/kg could significantly inhibit ear swelling caused by xylene in mice. 0.5, 1.0, 2.0g/kg can significantly inhibit the swelling of the foot and the proliferation of cotton ball granuloma induced by carrageenan. 2.5, 5.0g/kg can significantly increase the threshold of hot plate pain in mice, reduce the number of body twisting caused by glacial acetic acid, and the effect lasts for 6h, but the effect is slow. The results showed that Qingolivu Liyan buccal had better anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

2.5 Antibacterial 

The antibacterial effect of Qingolivu Liyan buccal tablet in vitro was observed by test tube method. Results Qingolivu Liyan buccal tablet could inhibit streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus B and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. The antibacterial activity of olive flavone was tested by antibacterial zone method. The results showed that the extract of green fruit had strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, dysentery bacillus, Escherichia coli and Proteus. The inhibitory effect of olive flavone on microbial activity in milk was measured by the relationship between total acidity of milk and storage time. The results showed that olive flavone inhibited microbial activity in milk, and the inhibitory effect increased significantly with the increase of olive flavone concentration.

In summary, the chemical composition of olive is complex and it has certain pharmacological activity. In recent years, through modern pharmacological research, the theoretical basis for some clinical applications of olive has been provided, and some new effects have been discovered. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the separation and identification of chemical components and pharmacological research on active components in order to develop new drugs with good efficacy and low toxicity, and better use in clinic.